![]() ![]() Pseudo‐chilblain (median age: 32), vesicular (median age: 45), urticarial median age: 49), maculopapular (median age: 55), livedo/necrosis (median age: 63) Pesudo‐chilblain (29), vesicular (17), urticarial (49), maculopapular (122), livedo/necrosis (17) Median latency of 9.2 days for the seriesĭusky red, non‐pruritic, non‐blanching periorbital dyschromiaĮrythemato‐oedematous, partially eroded macules and plaquesģ days after dysgeusia and mild diarrhoeaĮrythematous macules coalescing into papules (1) large, disseminated, urticarial plaques (1)īack, bilateral flanks, groyne, and proximal lower extremities (1), trunk, abdomen, head, and upper and lower extremities (1)ģ days after symptoms (1), 9 days after symptoms (1) Upper limbs, chest, neck, abdomen and palms, sparing the face and mucous membranes On the dorsal aspect of fingers bilaterallyĪsymptomatic patients with skin lesions as the chief complaintĮrythematous and oedematous non‐pruritic annular fixed plaques Red‐purple papules (1) diffused erythema in the subungual area of the right thumb in the 2nd patient Limbs and trunk, with burning sensation over the palms ![]() Thighs, arms and forearms, sparing palms and solesĬutaneous manifestation was the only symptomĭiffuse fixed erythematous blanching maculopapular lesions Generalised spread including folds and scalp, respecting the palmo‐plantar region and mucosa Trunk and neck, spreading to palms and hands (1), started on the face then spread to extremities, sparing palms and soles (1)ġ6 days after symptoms (1), at the onset of symptoms (1) Maculopapular eruption (4), chicken pox‐like vesicles (2), urticaria (1), vascular lesions including cherry angiomas (6), livedo (1)įew days after onset of symptoms, except cherry angiomas which occurred 21 days laterĪ day before onset of symptoms (1), concomitantly with symptoms (1)ĭisseminated vesicular lesions (18) localised vesicular eruption (6) Unilateral asymptomatic eruption resembling livedo reticularis (1)ħ days after symptoms (1), 10 days after diagnosis (1) Transient non‐ pruritic blanching unilateral livedoid patch resembling livedo reticularis (1) Median latency period of 19 days after onset of symptoms Trunk and extremities with sparing of the faceĪcro‐ischaemia including finger/toe cyanosis, skin bulla and dry gangrene Legs, thighs, forearms, arms, shoulders, back, chest, abdomenĪntecubital fossa, then to the trunk and axillary folds Violaceous, infiltrated plaques on an erythematous backgroundĭorsal aspect of toes and lateral sides of the feet Median latency period of 3 days after the onset of symptoms Trunk and limbs, no facial or mucosal involvement More than 10 days after symptoms (1), 5 days after symptoms(1), 4 days after symptoms (1) Trunk (1), trunk and hips (1), trunk and legs (1) Maculopapular lesions resembling Grover disease (1), morbilliform lesions (1), papulovesicular eruption (1) Timing of onset in relation to respiratory symptomsĮrythematous lesions (14), widespread urticaria (3), varicella‐like vesicles (1)Īt the onset of symptoms (8), after hospitalisation (10) We only included established viral exanthems known to be associated with respiratory symptoms in prominent dermatology and virology textbooks for comparison with COVID‐19. The exanthems were divided into broad clinical categories of (1) generalised maculopapular or morbilliform eruption (2) varicella‐like or vesicular lesions (3) vascular ischaemic lesions or chilblains (4) acute urticaria and (5) others. Our search included articles in different languages, which had translations available. Information on confirmed cases of COVID‐19 was extracted from the study if it reported both suspected and confirmed cases. Eight studies were further excluded as they used a clinical diagnosis of COVID‐19 without confirmatory laboratory investigations. Only patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID‐19 using polymerase chain reaction diagnostic assay of nasopharyngeal (NP) swab samples and/or antibody testing were included in the study. ![]() A total of 576 articles were carefully screened, and 55 articles were further evaluated for cutaneous signs of COVID‐19. Additional studies were sourced through a Google search and reference lists of a few recent review articles. A comprehensive literature review was conducted via PubMed for the search terms ‘COVID‐19 and skin’ ‘COVID‐19 and dermatology’ ‘coronavirus and skin’ and ‘coronavirus and dermatology’. ![]()
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